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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud-based quantum computing</span></span>

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<p><b><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud-based</a> <a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a></b> refers to the remote access of <a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a> resources—such as quantum <a href="Emulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulators">emulators</a>, <a href="Simulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulators">simulators</a>, or <a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a>—via the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. Cloud access enables users to develop, test, and execute <a href="Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">quantum algorithms</a> without the need for direct interaction with specialized hardware, facilitating broader participation in quantum software development and experimentation.

</p><p>In 2016, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> launched the IBM Quantum Experience, one of the first publicly accessible quantum processors connected to the cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2017, researchers at <a href="Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Rigetti Computing</a> demonstrated programmable quantum cloud access through their software platform Forest, which included the <a href="Quil_(instruction_set_architecture)" title="Quil (instruction set architecture)">pyQuil</a> Python library.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since the early-2020s, cloud-based quantum computing has grown significantly, with multiple providers offering access to a variety of quantum hardware modalities, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms, and photonic systems. Major platforms such as <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)"> Amazon</a> Braket, <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a> Quantum, and qBraid aggregate quantum devices from hardware developers like <a href="IonQ" title="IonQ">IonQ</a>, <a href="Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Rigetti Computing</a>, <a href="QuEra_Computing_Inc." title="QuEra Computing Inc.">QuEra</a>, Pasqal, Oxford Quantum Circuits, and <a href="IBM_Quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Quantum">IBM Quantum</a>. These platforms provide unified interfaces for users to write and execute quantum algorithms across diverse backends, often supporting open-source SDKs such as <a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a>, <a href="Cirq" title="Cirq">Cirq</a>, and PennyLane. The proliferation of cloud-based access has played a key role in accelerating quantum education, algorithm research, and early-stage application development by lowering the barrier to experimentation with real quantum hardware. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cloud-based quantum computing has expanded access to quantum hardware and tools beyond traditional research laboratories. These platforms support educational initiatives, algorithm development, and early-stage commercial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Cloud-based quantum computing is used across education, research, and software development, offering remote access to quantum systems without the need for on-site infrastructure.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

<p>Quantum cloud platforms have become valuable tools in <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a>, allowing students and instructors to engage with real quantum processors through user-friendly interfaces. Educators use these platforms to teach foundational concepts in <a href="Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>, as well as to demonstrate and implement quantum algorithms in a classroom or laboratory setting.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_Research">Scientific Research</h3></div>

<p>Cloud-based access to quantum hardware has enabled researchers to conduct experiments in <a href="Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a>, test quantum algorithms, and compare quantum hardware platforms. Experiments such as testing <a href="Bell's_theorem" title="Bell's theorem">Bell's theorem</a> or evaluating quantum teleportation protocols have been performed on publicly available quantum processors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_Development_and_Prototyping">Software Development and Prototyping</h3></div>

<p>Developers use cloud-based platforms to prototype quantum software applications across fields such as optimization, machine learning, and chemistry. These platforms offer SDKs and APIs that integrate classical and quantum workflows, enabling experimentation with quantum algorithms in real-world or simulated environments.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Engagement_and_Games">Public Engagement and Games</h3></div>

<p>Quantum cloud tools have also been used to create educational games and interactive applications aimed at increasing public understanding of quantum concepts. These efforts help bridge the gap between theoretical content and intuitive learning.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_platforms">Existing platforms</h2></div>

<ul><li>qBraid Lab by qBraid <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a cloud-based platform for quantum computing. It provides software tools for researchers and developers in quantum, as well as access to quantum hardware. qBraid provides cloud based access to Microsoft Azure Quantum and Amazon Braket devices including IQM, QuEra, Pasqal, Rigetti, IonQ, QIR simulators, Amazon Braket simulators, and the NEC Vector Annealer, as of August 2025. qBraid's base version is free, where unlimited hardware and simulator access is available with the purchase of credits.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Quandela Cloud by Quandela is the platform to access first cloud-accessible European photonic quantum computer. The computer is interfaced using the Perceval scripting language, with tutorials and documentation available online for free.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Xanadu Quantum Cloud by Xanadu is a platform with cloud-based access to three fully programmable photonic quantum computers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Forest by <a href="Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Rigetti Computing</a> is a tool suite for cloud-based quantum computing. It includes a programming language,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> development tools and example algorithms.</li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming#LIQUi.7C.3E" title="Quantum programming">LIQUi></a> by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> is a software architecture and tool suite for quantum computing. It includes a programming language, example optimization and scheduling algorithms, and quantum simulators.

<ul><li><a href="Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a>, a <a href="Quantum_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum programming language">quantum programming language</a> by Microsoft on the <a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> seen as a successor to LIQUi|>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">IBM Quantum Platform</a> by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing access to quantum hardware as well as <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">HPC</a> simulators. These can be accessed programmatically using the <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>-based <a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a> framework, or via graphical interface with the <a href="IBM_Q_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Q Experience">IBM Q Experience</a> <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are based on the <a href="OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a> standard for representing quantum operations. There is also a <a href="Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorial</a> and <a href="Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Quantum in the Cloud by <a href="University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">The University of Bristol</a>, which consists of a quantum simulator and a four qubit <a href="Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">optical quantum system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Quantum Playground by <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> is an educational resource which features a simulator with a simple interface, and a scripting language and <a href="Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> quantum state visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Quantum in the Cloud is an experimental quantum cloud platform for access to a four-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance-NMRCloudQ computer, managed by <a href="Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>.</li>

<li>Quantum Inspire by Qutech is the first platform in Europe providing cloud-based quantum computing to two hardware chips. Next to a 5-qubit transmon processor, Quantum Inspire is the first platform in the world <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide online access to a fully programmable 2-qubit electron spin quantum processor.</li>

<li><a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> Braket is a cloud-based quantum computing platform hosted by <a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">AWS</a> which, as of June 2025, provides access to quantum computers built by <a href="IonQ" title="IonQ">IonQ</a>, <a href="Rigetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigetti">Rigetti</a>, IQM, and QuEra. Braket also provides a quantum algorithm development environment and simulator.</li>

<li>Forge by <a href="QC_Ware" title="QC Ware">QC Ware</a> is a cloud-based quantum computing platform that provides access to <a href="D-Wave_Systems" title="D-Wave Systems">D-Wave</a> hardware, as well as Google and IBM simulators. The platform offers a 30-day free trial, including one minute of quantum computing time. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">qbraid.com</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">qbraid.com/pricing</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeurtelFyrillasde_GliniastyLe_Bihan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Heurtel, Nicolas; Fyrillas, Andreas; de Gliniasty, Grégoire; Le Bihan, Raphaël; Malherbe, Sébastien; Pailhas, Marceau; Bertasi, Eric; Bourdoncle, Boris; Emeriau, Pierre-Emmanuel; Mezher, Rawad; Music, Luka; Belabas, Nadia; Valiron, Benoît; Senellart, Pascale; Mansfield, Shane; Senellart, Jean (February 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-02-21-931/">"Perceval: A Software Platform for Discrete Variable Photonic Quantum Computing"</a>. <i>Quantum</i>. <b>7</b> 931. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.00602">2204.00602</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Quant...7..931H">2023Quant...7..931H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22331%2Fq-2023-02-21-931">10.22331/q-2023-02-21-931</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247922568">247922568</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2020" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (9 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/photonic-quantum">"First Photonic Quantum Computer on the Cloud"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCurtisZeng2016" class="citation arxiv cs1">Smith, Robert S.; Curtis, Michael J.; Zeng, William J. (2016-08-10). "A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03355">1608.03355</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph">quant-ph</a>].</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1">"IBM Q Homepage". 2025-06-01.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantum.ibm.com/">"IBM Quantum Platform"</a>. 2 April 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/tutorial">"IBM Q Experience tutorial"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/physics/research/quantum/engagement/qcloud/">"Quantum in the Cloud"</a>. <i>bristol.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantumplayground.net/#/home">"Quantum Computing Playground"</a>. <i>quantumplayground.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantumcomputingreport.com/news/qutech-announces-quantum-inspire-europes-first-public-quantum-computing-platform/">"QuTech Announces Quantum Inspire, Europe's First Public Quantum Computing Platform"</a>. <i>quantumcomputingreport.com</i>. 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLardinois2019" class="citation web cs1">Lardinois, Frederic (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/25/qc-ware-forge-will-give-developers-access-to-quantum-hardware-and-simulators-across-vendors/">"QC Ware Forge will give developers access to quantum hardware and simulators across vendors"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantumcomputingreport.com/resources/tools/">List of quantum tools on quantum computing report</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantiki.org/wiki/list-qc-simulators">List of quantum computing simulators on quantiki </a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Quantum_information_science667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DiVincenzo's_criteria" title="DiVincenzo's criteria">DiVincenzo's criteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Qubit" title="Qubit">Qubit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Physical_and_logical_qubits" title="Physical and logical qubits">physical vs. logical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_quantum_processors" title="List of quantum processors">Quantum processors</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Eastin%E2%80%93Knill_theorem" title="Eastin–Knill theorem">Eastin–Knill</a></li>

<li><a href="Gleason's_theorem" title="Gleason's theorem">Gleason's</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottesman%E2%80%93Knill_theorem" title="Gottesman–Knill theorem">Gottesman–Knill</a></li>

<li><a href="Holevo's_theorem" title="Holevo's theorem">Holevo's</a></li>

<li><a href="No-broadcasting_theorem" title="No-broadcasting theorem">No-broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="No-cloning_theorem" title="No-cloning theorem">No-cloning</a></li>

<li><a href="No-communication_theorem" title="No-communication theorem">No-communication</a></li>

<li><a href="No-deleting_theorem" title="No-deleting theorem">No-deleting</a></li>

<li><a href="No-hiding_theorem" title="No-hiding theorem">No-hiding</a></li>

<li><a href="No-teleportation_theorem" title="No-teleportation theorem">No-teleportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_speed_limit_theorems" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum speed limit theorems">Quantum speed limit</a></li>

<li><a href="Threshold_theorem" title="Threshold theorem">Threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Solovay%E2%80%93Kitaev_theorem" title="Solovay–Kitaev theorem">Solovay–Kitaev</a></li>

<li><a href="Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93HJW_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Schrödinger–HJW theorem">Schrödinger-HJW</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum<br>communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_capacity" title="Classical capacity">Classical capacity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Entanglement-assisted_classical_capacity" title="Entanglement-assisted classical capacity">entanglement-assisted</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_capacity" title="Quantum capacity">quantum capacity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entanglement_distillation" title="Entanglement distillation">Entanglement distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Entanglement_swapping" title="Entanglement swapping">Entanglement swapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Monogamy_of_entanglement" title="Monogamy of entanglement">Monogamy of entanglement</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">quantum network</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_state_purification" title="Quantum state purification">State purification</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_energy_teleportation" title="Quantum energy teleportation">quantum energy teleportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_gate_teleportation" title="Quantum gate teleportation">quantum gate teleportation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Superdense_coding" title="Superdense coding">Superdense coding</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Quantum_cryptography24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography">Post-quantum cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_coin_flipping" title="Quantum coin flipping">Quantum coin flipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_money" title="Quantum money">Quantum money</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a>

<li><a href="List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols" title="List of quantum key distribution protocols">other protocols</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_secret_sharing" title="Quantum secret sharing">Quantum secret sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">Quantum algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_cooling" title="Algorithmic cooling">Algorithmic cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Amplitude_amplification" title="Amplitude amplification">Amplitude amplification</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm" title="Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm">Bernstein–Vazirani</a></li>

<li><a href="Boson_sampling" title="Boson sampling">Boson sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Deutsch%E2%80%93Jozsa_algorithm" title="Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm">Deutsch–Jozsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Grover's_algorithm" title="Grover's algorithm">Grover's</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_subgroup_problem" title="Hidden subgroup problem">Hidden subgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_state_distillation" title="Magic state distillation">Magic state distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_annealing" title="Quantum annealing">Quantum annealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_counting_algorithm" title="Quantum counting algorithm">Quantum counting</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Fourier_transform" title="Quantum Fourier transform">Quantum Fourier transform</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_optimization_algorithms" title="Quantum optimization algorithms">Quantum optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm" title="Quantum phase estimation algorithm">Quantum phase estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon's_problem" title="Simon's problem">Simon's</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum<br>complexity theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="PostBQP" title="PostBQP">PostBQP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum <br> processor benchmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_supremacy" title="Quantum supremacy">Quantum supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_volume" title="Quantum volume">Quantum volume</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_benchmarking" title="Randomized benchmarking">Randomized benchmarking</a>

<li><a href="Relaxation_(NMR)" title="Relaxation (NMR)">Relaxation times</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum<br><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">computing models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adiabatic_quantum_computation" title="Adiabatic quantum computation">Adiabatic quantum computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous-variable_quantum_information" title="Continuous-variable quantum information">Continuous-variable quantum information</a></li>

<li><a href="One-way_quantum_computer" title="One-way quantum computer">One-way quantum computer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_state" title="Cluster state">cluster state</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">quantum logic gate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">quantum neural network</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Topological_quantum_computer" title="Topological quantum computer">Topological quantum computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamiltonian_quantum_computation" title="Hamiltonian quantum computation">Hamiltonian quantum computation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum<br>error correction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Codes

<ul><li><a href="Five-qubit_error_correcting_code" title="Five-qubit error correcting code">5 qubit</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_convolutional_code" title="Quantum convolutional code">quantum convolutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Stabilizer_code" title="Stabilizer code">stabilizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacon%E2%80%93Shor_code" title="Bacon–Shor code">Bacon–Shor</a></li>

<li><a href="Steane_code" title="Steane code">Steane</a></li>

<li><a href="Toric_code" title="Toric code">Toric</a></li>

<li><a href="Entanglement-assisted_stabilizer_formalism" title="Entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism">Entanglement-assisted</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br>implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cavity_quantum_electrodynamics" title="Cavity quantum electrodynamics">Cavity QED</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_quantum_electrodynamics" title="Circuit quantum electrodynamics">Circuit QED</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_optical_quantum_computing" title="Linear optical quantum computing">Linear optical QC</a></li>

<li><a href="KLM_protocol" title="KLM protocol">KLM protocol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ultracold_atom" title="Ultracold atom">Ultracold atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neutral_atom_quantum_computer" title="Neutral atom quantum computer">Neutral atom QC</a></li>

<li><a href="Trapped-ion_quantum_computer" title="Trapped-ion quantum computer">Trapped-ion QC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Spin_qubit_quantum_computer" title="Spin qubit quantum computer">Spin qubit QC</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrogen-vacancy_center" title="Nitrogen-vacancy center">NV center</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Superconducting_quantum_computing" title="Superconducting quantum computing">Superconducting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charge_qubit" title="Charge qubit">Charge qubit</a></li>

<li><a href="Flux_qubit" title="Flux qubit">Flux qubit</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase_qubit" title="Phase qubit">Phase qubit</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmon" title="Transmon">Transmon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum<br>programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a>–<a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a>–<a href="IBM_Quantum_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Quantum Experience">IBM QX</a></li>

<li><a href="Quil_(instruction_set_architecture)" title="Quil (instruction set architecture)">Quil</a>–<a href="Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Forest/Rigetti QCS</a></li>

<li><a href="Libquantum" title="Libquantum">libquantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">many others...</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Quantum information science</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> Quantum mechanics topics</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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